FFA & Pro Golf Case study

They came from no official agency agreement – legally, an agent is someone who has authority to create legal relations between a person known as a ‘principal' (In this case Pro Golf) and others – o an official trademark agreement – which Is a contract under which the owner of a copyright (in this case Pro Golf), allows a licensee (here FAA) to use, make, or sell copies of the original brand. This changes make us understand the strong link between the companies and their willing to increase their cooperation. However, FAA decided to sub-license the trademark to another Japanese company for the aim to making more money.Issues The fact that FAA decided to sub-license the trademark in order to make margin on loyalties incited Pro Golf to end the contract. The termination of the contract by Pro Golf incited FAA to sew them for breaching of contract. Was Pro Golf entitled to terminate the contract with FAA? Rules â€Å"Contracts that do not state a set length of time for termination are presumptively â€Å"at will† and may be terminated by either party at any time. † Court's decision Considering that the contract between Pro Golf and FAA does not mention any set length, they should be entitled to end the contract whenever they want to.Pro Golf re entitled to terminate the contract with FAA. Was Pro Golf entitled to royalties received for Teeth sales? During those 6 years , Pro Golf and Facilitation evolved. They came from no official relations between a person known as a ‘principal' (in this case Pro Golf) and others – to an official trademark agreement – which is a contract under which the owner of a FAA got a new opportunity to increase its benefit through getting higher royalties by Sub-licensing the trademark to Teeth Was Pro Golf entitled to royalties received forTeeth sales? This is Just a trademark agreement, they are no agency relationship between companies. The company can use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan freely. Application of Rules Because the two companies made a trademark agreement, FAA can use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan freely and sub-license the contractual rights. No Agency relationship between Pro Golf and FAA was engaged but rather a written trademark agreement for FAA to use the First Flight trademark on golf soft goods. Courts in the U. S. E reluctant to impose restrictions on assigning of rights in real or personal property; FAA here has a contractual right to use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan and can freely transfer, assign, or sub-license all or part of those contractual rights. Nothing in Fast trademark license contract with Pro Golf prohibited FAA from granting sub-licenses to others or required FAA to pass along to Pro Golf any royalties FAA might receive from such subsequences. Was Pro Golf entitled to reimbursement for its attempts to perfect trademark rights in Japan?When Pro Golf heard its attempt to register the tr ademark in Japan had not been completely successful and that third parties had obtained the right to use the trademark in Japan, they terminated the contract. The termination of the contract by Pro Golf incited FAA to sew them for breaching of contract. Pro Golf counterclaims and ask for reimbursement for damages equals to its expenditure. Was Pro Golf entitled to reimbursement for its attempts to perfect trademark rights in Japan? In Japan, the rules are different than in the United States.Third parties are able to et registration without use, in the contrary than in the USA where registration is basically synonym for legal protection of a trademark. As FAA is operating under Japanese rule, it should not be responsible to payback Pro Golf for its own failure. In Japan, unlike the U. S. , registration is the critical factor for legal protection of a trademark. Third parties were able to get registration without use, and Pro Golf apparently had to buy them off. Its failure to do so i s not the fault of FAA, nor should FAA be responsible to reimburse Pro Golf for its own failure.

Is The British Appeasement In 1930s Defensible History Essay

The calming in 1930s is delivered by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, to construct up a permanent peace in Europe every bit good as to avoid the war against Nazi Germany. Chamberlain created calming policy based on three aims: â€Å" †¦ foremost, to debar the danger of war, 2nd, to make conditions in which dialogues can take topographic point and, 3rd, to convey about the success of those dialogues so that they many strengthen corporate security, farther Germany ‘s return to the League and, in a happier atmosphere, allow those larger dialogues on economic affairs and on affairs of statements to take topographic point † 1 However, the eruption of war that followed, proved that the policy has clearly failed and it is besides still argued as the one of chief grounds to break out World War II. This essay will discourse about the cause of the debut of calming and why it is untenable in international dealingss. After World War I, the Great Depression that followed forced totalitarian governments to emerge around Europe, such as Fascism in Italy, Socialism in Soviet Union and Nazism in Germany. In Germany, it was Hitler who followed a totalitarian province and pursued a revisionist foreign policy after he became a Chancellor of the Exchequer in January 1933. While UK and France were seeking to avoid a war and heal from the great depression caused by World War I, Hitler strongly believed that another war was needed to break-out from poorness every bit good as ‘Versailles ‘ . Hitler hence started to denounce ‘Versailles ‘ from March 1935 by re-introducing mandatory muster. However, UK and France have merely issued formal protests in response, which concluded with weakening of ‘Versailles System ‘ in favor of Germany, due to the fright of war. While the procedure of calming was detaining any clear reply, Italy has invaded Abyssinia. This provided Hitler with clip and chance to beef up and remilitarize Rhineland while UK and France dealt with Italy. France was entitled to reoccupy Rhineland, but France did non desire to move unless UK acted. UK did non desire to step in as they thought remilitarization was non a ‘flagrant ‘ misdemeanor. Neither UK nor France wanted to take serious duty that had any opportunity of get downing another war. Munich, 29th September 1938 was the flood tide of this failure of calming. Hitler demanded return of Sudeten. UK sought to intercede, and the parts of Sudeten with German bulk transferred to the custodies of Germany. In late September Hitler raised his bets, demanding immediate transportation of whole Sudeten to Germany. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Italian In March 1939. Furthermore, Hitler invaded Czech states of Bohemia and Moravia. Neither France nor UK confronted Hitler 1 Anthony Eden in the House of Commons, March 26 1936. The ground UK supported calming is that the populace was non ready for war and UK was still retrieving from the 1929 crisis. Besides, France was unwilling to confront Hitler without UK ‘s support. They merely wanted to get away from war and understate their duty as they sought strong support of another state. This development of calming shows the unorganized allied European states which ne'er meet with clear understanding to compact the menace German forces possessed, and the confusion that was brought with the construct of calming gave opportunity for Germany to turn without any lucifer for to a great extent armed European allied forces e?†¦ie ie?ˆi ?ie e ©Ã‹â€ e ¦Ã‚ ¬ e-?i-?i ?iz?e ie µÃ‚ ­i?ˆ i?ˆ e?† iiâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ i†¢? i †¢i ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i?„ , e °?e?ˆe e?†¦ie e °Ã‹â€ ee? ii °?e?ˆi „ i µ?e?ˆi i†?i†¢?e µÃ‚ ­ii-?e i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤i e °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ei ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i i„?e i-?e?†¹e‚?e ©?i„? ei ?i §Ã‹â€ e ·?i†¢? policye °Ã‹â€  continuee? ©e†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . Trying to chance of war or whether Britain and France would hold been better off traveling to war earlier instead than subsequently, loss could be less. The confusion and struggle bought clip for Germany . If the calming was scrapped and the western European states pressured the turning Germany so the face of European history may hold been changed because of the fact that Germany already lost the First World War was besides needed to be considered. i ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ° , ie µÃ‚ ­e i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤e °Ã‹â€  e‚?i e?†¦ii-? i? iâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ i †¢i ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i?„ iZ?e? e‚?i e?†¦ii i? ¤iS ¤iS?e ¦Ã‚ ¬i†¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾/ii?† i ?e ?i?„ e ¬Ã‚ µii†¢?iz? i† ?e ?i?ˆ ie iz?eii e µÃ‚ ­e °Ã‹â€ i ie µÃ‚ ­/i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤iâ„ ¢Ã‹â€  e‚?i e?†¦ie °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ e? µee e °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ii†¢?e? e‚?i e?†¦ii?„ e? ¬i ?i†¢?e? °ee†¹Ã‚ ¤ e‚?i e?†¦iei i „iY?i?„ i†?i†¢?e  ¤ eâ€Å" ­e†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . e ·?e ¦Ã‚ ¬e? , e‚?i e?†¦ii?ˆ ie µÃ‚ ­/i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤iâ„ ¢Ã‹â€  i† ?e ?e °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ e? µi? °i-? ei e °Ã‹â€ iz? e?†¦ii i „i† Ã‚ µi ?i e µÃ‚ °i‚ ¬i ? i ·?i†¢?i„ ± , i ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ° i? i‚ ¬i†¹? e?â„ ¢i„? i-‘e ©? i „iY?i?„ ieY ¬i†¢? i†¢?eS† e  ¶Ã‹â€ e†¹?i?„ ee ee? iezˆeâ€Å"?e e µÃ‚ °i‚ ¬e ?ie ie? µi†¢?e ©?i„? 2i °? i„?e?„e?ˆi „i ei-?i §Ã¢â‚¬Ëœe†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . UK and France lost credibleness because UK and France did non maintain their committedness. They warned Hitler that if he attacked Poland, they would declare war on Germany. By this clip, nevertheless, Hitler no longer believed their menaces. If an adversary issues a menace that it has the power to transport out, and an involvement in making so, the menace will be believed, even if that state has bluffed in the past. But if it makes a menace that it lacks the power to transport out, or has no involvement in making so, the credibleness of that menace will be viewed with great incredulity. Chamberlain believed he could negociate enduring peace with Hitler. It was based on a naA?ve apprehension of Hitler ‘s purposes or on desirous believing about the possibility of set uping a permanent peace with Germany, nor was it an alternate to equilibrating. It was misdirecting policy based on underestimate, and misconstruing that Chamberlain trusted Hitler. The opinion was really emotionally based and this was a error as the remainder of European states readily figured out that Hitler was fixing military invasions over Poland. The calming was hence invalid and forced remainder of European allied forces to confront huge grown and good trained German Armies. calming have to be used under imaginable set of circumstances.Churchill, the ultimate anti-appeaser, presented a more nuanced image: â€Å" Appeasement in itself may be good or bad harmonizing to the fortunes. Winston Churchill ridiculed calming as akin to â€Å" one who feeds a crocodile, trusting it will eat him last † Particularly, Adolf Hitler revealed his desire publically to occupy Europe in his life, My Struggle The primary purpose of calming was to extinguish the danger of a European war, but accordingly it endanger Europe as it gave chance Germany, geographical and clip loose credibleness. The grants over German rearmament, the Rhineland, Austria, and Sudeten Czechoslovakia non merely failed to pacify Hitler, but made war even more likely by quickening his appetency for aggression and by sabotaging the credibleness of Britain and France and the public-service corporation of their subsequent warrant of Poland. Many critics of appeasement contend that a more confrontational scheme of rearmament and reconciliation might hold avoided war, either by discouraging Hitler or by exposing his foolhardiness and thereby triping his overthrow by the more cautious German military and its internal Alliess.

Impact of Globalization on Small Businesses in Canada Research Proposal

Impact of Globalization on Small Businesses in Canada - Research Proposal Example There has been increasing emphasis on the impact of globalization on the small businesses all over the globe. On one hand, it is perceived that globalization is beneficial for the growth and development of the overall global economy. But, on the other hand, according to some of the analysts globalization have negative implications for different organizations and economies. There have been several research studies in order to understand and explore the impact of the globalization.According to the research study conducted by Julien, Joyal, and Deshaies (1994), that small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in the small regions of Quebec started to take different defensive measures and secure their competitive position in the market in response to the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 between United States of American and Canada. This research study also concluded that the main challenge for the Small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in the era of globalization and free trade is to come up with effective and efficient strategies in order to respond to the increasing competition from the organizations all over the world.Another important aspect of globalization is related to the changing technology and its implications on the business. In this regard, Dholakia & Kshetri (2004), conducted research for identifying the different factors which influence the internet adoption process of the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). For this purpose, the researchers conducted a mail survey in order to test the research hypothesis. This research study concluded that there are several internal and external factors responsible for the adoption of the internet in Small and Medium enterprises (SME). However, most prominent external pressure in this regard if of the increasing global competitive pressure. The research study could have been able to generate more comprehensive results if it would have included the adoption

The Philosophies Influencing Latin America Assignment

The Philosophies Influencing Latin America - Assignment Example The Jesuits generation perpetuated the intellectual traditionalism up to the mid 18th century, and then they tried to modernize the thought of Aristotle. Political chaos hindered the widening of the academic philosophy at the start of the 19th century, but later, positivism was well established in the majority of the Latin American countries (Gaus & Courtland, 2011). New intellectual movements erupted as a reaction against anti positivism in the early the 20th century. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, the philosophies in Latin America had a tendency to strengthen medieval ideas (Oliver, 1998). The Portuguese and Spanish were, therefore, influenced to take up medieval land ownership systems including the relationships between the servants and their masters. The natives were treated as slaves. However, with the Latin Americans’ growing awareness of new philosophies and ideas in Europe and North America, they began adopting them but at a very slow pace (Gaus & Courtland, 2011). For instance, the idea of democracy was relatively established in America by the end of the 1700s, but it took much longer for Latin America to adopt democracy. Marxist philosophy has influenced the continued punitive justice systems, issues of power and human rights. Most of the cultures are still based on the thoughts that Marxist theories describe reality accurately. Caudillos ascended to power mostly by illegal and violent means, although some were highly educated in theology (Oliver, 1998). There were groups of caudillos that were social liberals, while others favored free markets. However, most hindered the separation of state from government. During their rule, Latin American natives were forced into labor and peasants worked the land for long hours. They also took away the right of the middle-class citizens to vote or own land.  

The topic can be proposed by the writer Term Paper

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Term Paper Example However, in the contemporary market conditions, business affairs are highly complex in nature. There are many situations in the economy where few corporate firms in the industry possess extraordinary powers to manipulate the price and quantity supplied. These are situations when the resource apportion in the economy are not proficiently executed. The wastage of productive resources in the economy leads to social welfare dampening. Thus, for ensuring proper economic development in a nation, the economy must be guided by the Mixed Economic Principles. In such situations, the power and the antitrust practices of the private business organizations are controlled by the public authorities. This project would focus on the antitrust behavior of the famous multinational company of Microsoft in U.S. (Ross, â€Å"The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem†). Monopoly Market In the theory of economics, a monopoly market structure is characterized with no competition in the ma rket. In this type of a market structure, there is only one seller in the market. On the other hand, the number of buyers in the industry is infinite. The single seller has the power to manipulate the market price of the product or service sold by him. The type of product or service sold by a monopoly seller in the market may be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. A monopoly seller is a profit maximizing agent in the industry. Figure 1: AR and MR Curve of a Monopoly Producer AR, MR Price or Average Revenue Curve (P or AR) Marginal Revenue Curve (MR) Quantity (Source: Authors Creation) The above diagram shows that the price or average revenue curve of a monopolist in the market is negatively sloped. The marginal revenue curve is also downward sloping for a monopolist. In the long run, a monopolist may enjoy normal (break-even) profit, supernormal profit or loss. A monopolist in the market discriminates among its consumers on the basis of the product prices charged to the customer s (Gravelle and Rees 145). Figure2: Price Discrimination (Source: Stole, â€Å"Price Discrimination and Imperfect Competition†) As shown in the above diagram, a monopolist may discriminate among its consumers on the basis of prices. In the above diagram, for the s=2 demand curve, the monopolist charges price p2 and it charges price p1 for the demand curve s=1. It may seem that a monopoly structure is a hypothetical market but by adopting special business strategies, a firm might become a natural monopolist in the industry. Figure 3: Natural Monopolist (Source: Tragakes 184) A single seller may grasp an entire share of market demand by taking the First Mover Advantage in business. By increasing the base of customers, the company may enjoy economies of scale in production. Scale economies in the long run would help the firm to minimize the average cost of production. In such a situation, it would be impossible for another firm to enter in the industry and sell products at such low average costs. Thus, a natural monopolist in the market enjoys scale in economies of production and prevents other firms from entering the industry. Figure 4: Welfare Loss in Monopoly (Source: Mankiw and Taylor 253) As stated in the above diagram, the efficient quantity of output is much more than the monopoly output threshold. On

Democracy History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democracy History - Essay Example This is the belief on the right of every citizen who are above a certain age bracket to participate effectively in political meetings and vote on matters discussed in the meeting. Direct democracy believes that all people who are within the rights limits should participate in the system to represent the people and ensure majority sound has the course. This participation should be regardless of the religious beliefs, gender, sexual preference, or physical well-being. The democratic right of a person can however be denied if one goes against the constitutional order (Citrin and Egan 112). The prisoners, for example, have suspension over their rights as long as one remains behind bars. Democracy applies only to those who have the right to but how many people bother to attend meeting especially if they are on working hours or after work? The most common system of democracy is the parliamentary democracy where individuals vote for leaders of their interest who represents them in the legis lative assembly. This is the indirect form of democracy and is also known as representative democracy. In this type of democracy, people elect representatives who take decision for which they are answerable at the expiry of the contract. The voters thus have the opportunity to change their government although the extent of public opinion remains subject to debate (Constant 14). It is true that some people or specific groups of people have more weight in the voting or decision making of a country in the elections of a given country. Participatory democracy is globally acceptable; however, it is hard to practice in large countries, which are highly populated. Promoting democracy Parliament is the most central institution through which all people have their interests represented and expressed. In order, for the parliament to promote the rights of the entire population effectively, it must have had democratic election and should represent the interest of majority. The parliament should have the requisite power and means to represent the interest of the people in law making and oversight functions. Generally, institutions should reinforce political culture and guarantee the rule of law in ensuring that policy follows the preferred public sentiment. Democracy models that mimic the other democratic attributes are always under pressure of lapse or authoritarianism (Dworkin 187). Democratic institutions and political cultures should engage in public opinion to create transparency in the public business as well as debates that mark a liberal regime. Democracy is transferrable because it develops from a supportive political culture. However, democratic regimes can source without long preparation or development of a sophisticated political culture. The states are other bodies that can promote democracy of its citizens. Government has the duty to ensure that its citizens enjoy democratic rights. Different countries use different method to ensure democracy prevails in the c ountry. Some countries use military force through diplomacy whereas others use ideological arguments. Generally democracy is a universal value and all people posses the right to govern themselves democratically. Good governance comes out of democracy and democracy facilitates prevention of human rights as well as economic growth (Shklar 35). Democratic organizations within a country promote good relation between the citizens. Generally, democratic peace hypothesis suggests that democracies are free of war to each other. Democracy

'China should prioritise improving its relationship with the ASEAN Essay

'China should prioritise improving its relationship with the ASEAN countries over its relationship with the US'. Discuss - Essay Example It is indeed, an open secret that the relationship between some countries is more cordial, integrative and coordinated than others. Commonly, a nation will consider a number of factors before deciding the type of countries it would forge alliance or relations with. Over the past decade or two, the need for economic advancement and growth has become one of the most paramount factors considered in the stake for selecting partner (Hyer, 2004). Political factors have also been very influential as a means of seeking political dominance. Like all other countries, China has its own international partners and coordinated countries. China’s relations with the United States for instance have been one of the most talked about over the past decade. Apart from the United States, China also has had a higher level of relationship with the Association of South Eastern Asian Nations (ASEAN). In this essay, there is a careful scrutiny to the relationship that exists between China and the United States as well as China and ASEAN to discuss why prioritizing her relationship with ASEAN would do more good to China than a prioritized relationship with the United States. Overview of International Relations International relation is basically the study of relationship that exists between countries. ... ernational relations is a pathway that leads to and brings about an essential and itemized formulation of foreign policy strategy (Dowdy and Trood, 2007). What this means is that countries engage in relationships with other countries as a means of forging and achieving long term foreign policy plans to rule their nations. Commonly, countries want to achieve political and economic power over others. But to make political dominance possible, the counties ought to have several representation and seats in as many international organizations and institutions as possible (Prakash, 1994). To this end, they would relate with other countries so as to gain voting support when the need arises for such international office elections. For economic dominance to be possible also, it is important that countries have as many international markets as possible as the size of a country’s market is proportional to the size of its economy (Shenon, 2005). Against this backdrop also, countries would want to have as many international partners as possible. Indeed, as long as the phenomenon of the League of Nations through the United Nations Organization continues to exists, there is the tendency that such flexibility and allowances that make easier inter-national relations will continue. History of China-US relations The relationship between China and the United States dates back to 1844 when it took place in the form of the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844. Among other factors, the treaty and for that matter relationship was necessitated as a means as allowing much and easier accessibility of the movement of people and good to and from the two countries. To this end, there was the fixing of trade tariffs for the two countries. Citizens of the United States were also allowed the freedom or right to

Positioning Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Positioning Challenges - Essay Example This enables a proficient X-ray hence preventing lordotic appearance. Correct lateral head positioning has proven to be a challenge considering the fatigue patients undergo during X-ray. A tangle in the head position mobilizes a short cone minimizing the long cones hence limited resulting image. In order to ensure a correct vertical angulation of the head during X-ray, various lines must lie parallel to the table top (Adler & Carlton, 2012). According to Rothbart Proprioceptive therapy the Median Sagittal line, which serves the role of a vertical line must lie parallel to the tabletop. The spinal segment prevents lateral displacement ensuring a steady posture during the X-ray process. Patients suffering from osteoporosis have painful experiences while sitting on the X-ray table. It is in this regard that positioning aids remain in use. To achieve an AP position, positioning aids such as radiolucent sponges and sandbags as well as mattress get applied (Adler & Carlton, 2012). The aids foresee a direct central ray perpendicular through the Patellofemoral joint hence leading to the success of an X-ray. Darrin is also used as an X-ray aid in an AP

Tourists Ethnic Background and Nature-based Tourism Dissertation

Tourists Ethnic Background and Nature-based Tourism - Dissertation Example New Zealand, London and Scotland), especially by calling attention to the experience aspect of travel. Nature-based experiences have received increased attention from researchers during past few years. Identification of Management Issues Nature-related tourism expects high expertise from individuals working at management level since it initiates funding for conservation as well as raise environmental awareness (Balmford, et al., 2009). As a student of Management, it is very much evident that from research perspective, the interest in nature-based experiences is escalating among individuals (e.g. Mehmetoglu, 2007a, 2007b; Waitt, Lane, & Head, 2003). The focus on cross-cultural differences in tourism experience consumption, however, is for the most part neglected. In an international tourism management context competition is rising, and knowledge of the different markets could be a precondition for success. To create a memorable nature-based experience for international visitors, aware ness of how ethnic group might influence the perception of such experiences is argued essential. In the international tourism management arena, the experiential component of holidays is emphasised in promotion material as well as social media. As a result it is essential to know the customers and the national traits that might somehow characterise them. Statement of Research Question What is the relationship between Tourists’ Ethnic Background and Nature-based Tourism in London? Aim and Objective The purpose of this study is to divide tourist ethnic group, based on cultural point of reference and then compares the resulting segments in terms of the opinion of nature-based experiences of tourism from tourism management viewpoint. Literature review When people from different countries meet in international tourism, ethnic group becomes a central issue of interest. The characteristics of tourists from different countries also become evident when tourists come together in nature- based experience production and consumption. Cultural values held by tourists from different nations hence affect tourist behavior and perception, and can furthermore impact experience creation. In an international tourism context then, it is vital to understand culture (De Mooij & Hofstede, 2010), in order to recognise what tourists from various countries emphasise in their holiday experience. People's valuation of nature-based experiences, their motivation for taking part in them, and their preference for activities are therefore likely to differ according to ethnic group and cultural background. Providers and marketers of experiences are stakeholders in an international market, and from a managerial point of view the challenge is therefore to know the guests' preferences. Nevertheless, adapting to the guests' needs and wants might not be easy, as experiences are individually perceived and socially consumed. In practice, knowledge of nature-based tourists' national characteristics can result in managerial tools that guide adaptation of nature-based experiences to international tourist demands.  

Cognarive and behavioral therapy for physically abused kids in low Coursework

Cognarive and behavioral therapy for physically abused kids in low income areas - Coursework Example Question 2: Did you find any outcomes that opposed your expectations or the expectations of the researchers? How might this information change your thinking about your proposed intervention? If not, what did you find that was surprising and or challenged your assumptions? No outcomes opposed my expectations or the expectations of researchers although it was surprising to find that although there is a relatively high number of clinicians skilled in the use of TF-CBT in the United States, a comparatively low number is putting the components into play despite previous studies showing that TF-CBT components were evidently productive. The level of success in Community-based participatory examination ideologies applied in Zambia was also unexpected but positively welcomed. Question 3: Did you include qualitative research in your review? If so, was there a clear statement of the aims of the research and did it seek to illuminate subjective experiences/actions of participants? Was the research design appropriate to address those aims (Questions adapted from Canadian National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools NCCMT 2010)? I also included a qualitative review, an incidence I found particularly sufficient in addressing the aims of the research. Drawing on the findings, it is clear that the research seeks to shed a light on the subjective experiences the participants incurred. More so, this research design would suffice in addressing the aims of the overall research. Cary, C. E., & McMillen, J. C. (2012). The data behind the dissemination: A systematic review of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for use with children and youth.  Children and Youth Services Review,  34(4), 748-757. Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Deblinger, E. (2014). Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In  Evidence-Based Approaches for the Treatment of Maltreated Children  (pp. 165-185). Springer Netherlands. Murray, L. K.,

American Express Essay Example for Free

American Express Essay Bonnie Wittenburg, the plaintiff in this case filed an age discrimination lawsuit against American Express Financial Advisors, Inc. ’s (AEFA). AEFA filed a motion for summary judgment, the district court granted and the United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit affirmed. Wittenburg started working at AEFA Equity Investment Department (EID) in November 1998 at the age of 46 (Walsh, 2011). According to the portfolio managers, Wittenburg provided outstanding service and displayed excellent investment skills and in 2000, she was name Analyst of the Year (Walsh, 2011). In 2001, AEFA hired a new Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and 2002 the CIO initiated a redesign of EID. The project would take approximately two years; add an additional three portfolio managers, a new satellite office and the merger or movement of certain funds to AEFA’s satellite office (Walsh, 2011). During a discussion regarding new hires, the CIO stated he was not averse to hiring younger managers or analysts to grow with the company (Walsh, 2011). The new design plan would include a reduction in force (RIF) which according to the CIO was necessary. The first RIF terminated Al Henderson, age 62. Henderson made a comment that Dan Rivera told him that AEFA fired him because the company wanted to retain the younger employees (Walsh, 2011). The second RIF eliminated three analyst positions but primarily focused on portfolio managers. During the second RIF, a team of managers reviewed about 25 people in the department giving each a rating of keep, maybe keep, maybe, maybe drop or drop (Walsh, 2011). They used the ratings to educate leaders about the individuals in the department and in late 2002 held a meeting to discuss employee ratings. Wittenburg received a low rating because of poor performance and negative input provided by portfolio managers but continued in her current position during the second RIF. Wittenburg along with two other analysts were terminated when the third RIF occurred; Wittenburg was 51 and the other two were 41 and 36. Wittenburg applied for a portfolio manager, she did not get the position and sued AEFA claiming Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) (Walsh, 2011). Wittenburg’s defense would rely on statements from co-workers such as â€Å"those that were younger† â€Å"not averse to hiring younger portfolio managers† and notes that indicated the analyst department would maybe add a junior person. In making a decision, the court will consider if the statements were made by decision makers or by someone who may influence the decision to terminate the plaintiff, the gap between statements and the date of termination, and if the statement itself was discriminatory or merely an opinion. The CIO’s comment regarding the company’s willingness to hire younger workers was a general comment. The statement was not discriminatory nor did it establish that age was the basis for Wittenburg’s termination over a year ago. The reference to adding a junior person did not show discriminatory intent and Wittenburg did not prove the employee equated junior person to a younger person or how such a notation related to her termination. Wittenburg admitted that Rivera was not a decision maker in the 2003 RIF and his statement made to Henderson did not relate to her termination. The court decided that these comments did not establish a pretext based on AEFA’s nondiscriminatory purpose given for her termination. A total of 31 analyst were affected by the 2002 and 2003 RIF, 17 of the analyst were 40 years old or older and of the 17, six were terminated, four resigned and seven retained their jobs (Walsh, 2011). In addition, there were four terminated, two resigned, two transferred and six retained their positions of the 14 analysts who were not in the protected class (Walsh, 2011). There were two members, ages 41 and 46, of the protected class who ranked first and second during the 2002 analyst ratings and the two analyst terminated in 2003 were both younger than Wittenburg, one was 41 and the other 36 (Walsh, 2011). Another analyst in the protected class whose age was the same as Wittenburg survived the 2003 RIF. Wittenburg’s accusation that scores were manipulated to retain younger employees during the 2002 RIF by ranking them in the â€Å"keep† category even though their scores were low was actually a moot point as she survived the 2002 RIF even though her score was low putting her in the maybe keep category. AEFA stated they needed only one Technology Sector analyst and then redistributed the workload amongst other employees, Wittenburg argues that pretext was shown however, as stated by the court, â€Å"employers often distribute a discharged employee’s duties to other employees performing related work for legitimate reasons† (Walsh, 2011). As far as the two vacancies, those were among the 10 analysts who had survived the RIF, they were not new positions (Walsh, 2011). The decision to downsize and redesign the Equity Investment Department was for the betterment of the company. Wittenburg’s argument that AEFA only relied on her 2002 performance review in making their decision to terminate does not help her case. The court noted there is nothing discriminatory in an employer choosing to rely on recent performance data in deciding which employees to RIF (Walsh, 2011). American Express had not been doing very well and the CIO explained analyst’s performance evaluations on an annual basis are important because consumers look at one-year performance and make decisions (Walsh, 2011).

Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate

Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate PRALINE The term ‘cocoa’ comes from the word ‘cacao’ that is taken directly from Mayan and  Aztec languages. Chocolate has been derived from cocoa beans, present in the centre to the fruit of cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao, which originated from the South American region.(Afoakwa 2010) Chocolate is one of the most popular products throughout the world. The fact that it is solid at room temperature but melts in the mouth, giving a smooth delicate taste, makes it one of the most yearned product. From a more technical point of view, chocolate is a complex food made of solid particles of cocoa powder, sugar and milk powder in a continuous fat phase. The production of chocolate consists of multiple steps among which tempering are one of the most important step. During this the temperature of the chocolate will be varied to get the right crystalline form of the fat. Chocolate pralines are a lot more complex product since they also contain a soft  filling which will interact with the chocolate shell. Migration can happen from the filling to the shell which can result in structural damages like cracking. Another effect can be fat bloom which is a grayish haze on the praline surface. This occurs due to the migration of the liquid fat through the shell to the surface and crystallizing. Cracking and fat bloom are two major issues that lead to reduced shelf life in chocolate  pralines. The main suggestions for crack formation are that cracks form due to moisture or  ethanol migration through the chocolate shell, or due to an unbalanced distribution of  moisture in the filling that causes some parts to shrink and other to expand. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Most of the fat inside chocolate must be cocoa butter. Cocoa butter consists of different triacylglycerols (triglycerides), each of which will solidify at a different temperature and at a different speed in correlation with time. To make it more complicated there are six different ways the crystals can pack together. If the fat is present is not right or if the chocolate has not been crystallized properly, then fat bloom occurs. All fats are made of mixtures of triglycerides i.e. they have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. In cocoa butter there are three main acids which account for over 95% of those present. Almost 35% is oleic acid (C18:0) and almost 26% is palmitic acid (C16:0). Since the cocoa butter has few main components that it melts rapidly over such a small range of temperature range i.e. between room and mouth temperatures. POSt molecules are palmitic acid (P) in position 1, oleic acid (O) in position 2 and stearic acid in position 3. If the stearic and oleic acids are inverted then this would become PStO, which is quite atypical even though the constituents are similar. The stearic and palmitic acids are saturated acids i.e. the hydrocarbon chain which makes up the fat does not have any double bonds. In unsaturated fats this chain has one or more double bonds, as is the case for oleic acid. About 80% of the cocoa butter has oleic acid as the middle acid. 1% to 2% of cocoa butter has saturated long chain trisaturatedtriglycerides (SSS) where the saturated fat is mainly palmitic or stearic and the melting point is high. From 5% to 20% on the other hand consists of two oleic acids and is mostly fluid at room temperature. When the above two have been combined then fat of the cocoa butter will be partially fluid at room temperature. If the temperature is raised fat will melt according to the proportions of the different types of fat present. The property of to crystallize every time differently is known as polymorphism. As the structure becomes denser and gets lowered in energy, it becomes more stable and harder to melt. Polymorphic forms are solid phases of the same chemical composition that differ among themselves in crystalline structure but yield identical liquid phases. Because of their shape the fat molecules fit together with other molecules like stacking chairs which can be done in two ways i.e. via double chain packing and triple chain packing. There are basically 3 polymorphs (ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ²,ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) each with their own specific properties. The melting range and stability of the polymorphs are in the following range: ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The least stable polymorph will crystallize first and transform to a stable polymorph as a function of time. Cocoa butter has six polymorphs. However the chocolate industry numbered them as I to VI. Forms V and VI are the most stable and are triple chain packing whereas the other forms are double. Form V is good for confectionary products as it is responsible for the hardness with a good snap, glossy appearance and the resistance to bloom. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Mixing different fats (Fat eutectics) It is important that after mixing two or more fats the final product should sets at a suitable rate and has the correct texture and melting properties in the mouth. An unstable structure can form when other fats have been mixed with cocoa butter. Even though the fats are triglycerides it will be like fitting another size of chairs within the stacks. Disruption would be less if only a less amount of other fat is present. The actual hardness can be near to the expected one. When cocoa butter is mixed with vegetable or other fat in equal proportions then the softening effect is largest. The original vegetable fat made by Unilever and many other that are now in the market are known as cocoa butter equivalents. These are like cocoa butters and can be put in any proportion without causing any major softening or hardening effect. Other fats can be used only if almost all the cocoa butter is replaced and these are known as cocoa butter replacers. The vegetable fat should crystallise in the same way as cocoa butter (i.e. using the chair analogy, have the same size and shape chair) so that it can be added to the cocoa butter without causing eutectic effect. Cocoa butter contains palmitic (P), stearic (S) and oleic (O) on a glycerol backbone, with the majority of the molecules being POP, POSt, and StOSt. From nuts or seeds of fruits generally two types of fractionation are used to obtain the easy melting and the hardest melting fraction. In dry fractionation the fat is kept at a more predefined temperature and then by pressing and filtering the liquid part is separated from solid. In solvent fractionation the fat is dissolved in acetone or hexane. After this the higher melting triglycerides are crystallized and filtered out. The StOSt and the increased amounts of POSt are hard to obtain. By altering the proportions of StOSt it is possible to make the chocolate so that it will not melt until the temperature is several degrees higher than the normal cocoa butter, but cannot put behind the feeling of stickiness in the mouth. (SLETTENGREN 2010) Legislation: In June 2000, the European parliament agreed to permit the use of vegetable fat other than cocoa butter in chocolate. This directive came into force on August 2003 and for the first time, harmonised chocolate legislation across all the member states of Europe. A number of restrictions were placed on use of vegetable fat by the EU in terms of where oils should be sourced from, and what processing methods have to apply. To maintain miscibility and compatibility with cocoa butter (as is required by the EU Directive) it is necessary to use vegetable fats which contain a similarly high levels of these triglycerides. This means that a) these triglycerides would often need to be concentrated by fractionating the permitted base oils and b) the resulting fats would be needed to blend together to get an optimum mix of the three triglycerides. Even though the CBEs show equivalence with the cocoa butter at all compositions but they have been restricted to a maximum level of 5% of the total compo sition in EU chocolate.(Geoff Talbot 2008) Development of Heat Resistant Chocolate using high melting fat Chocolate generally melts at 33.8 °C when solid cocoa butter transitions to liquid and the crystals of cocoa butter are in stable form V. The development of heat resistant chocolate would allow it to be enjoyed in tropical and humid climates. Three main methods have been developed to make heat resistant chocolates: enhancement of the microstructure of the materials, addition of a polymer and increasing the melting point of the fat phase. The approach that is used for the development of heat resistant chocolates for this thesis is to incorporate fats with higher melting points. (Stortz and Marangoni 2011) (Stortz and Marangoni 2011) One specific example of this was done by Jeyarani and Reddy (1999) and focused on using mahua (Mahua Latifolia) and kokum (Garcinia indica) fats to increase the melting point of cocoa butter blend. The kernels found in the fruits of mahua trees consist of semi-solid fat. Conversely, kokum kernels contain a hard, brittle fat with a melting point 39-43 C. The oils are fractionated and then blended. After that these fats were evaluated for their ability to increase the melting temperature of and replace the fat phase in chocolate products. Fractionation were used to separate the stearin fraction from kokum and mahua fats because it was reported that addition of fats rich in 2-oleodistearins to cocoa butter can increase the solid fat content (SFC) , increase the melting point and decrease the tempering time of chocolate. The meted successfully produced a fat phase that achieved higher SFCs at elevated temperature than conventional chocolate. However, once the temperature reached 37.5 C the SFC of most of the blended fats was less than 20% indicating that the heat resistance of the chocolate would be lost at temperatures higher than this. Another attempt was done to improve the heat resistance via replacement of some cocoa butter with kokum fat. Kokum fat was refined but not fractionated. It was blended with cocoa butter at different levels. The chocolate had good sensorial properties. However, the heat resistance of the chocolate was not as desired considering the melting temperature is only 34.8C with 5% inclusion of kokum fat. Finally , the chocolate formulas exceeded some countries’ legal limits for inclusion of NCVF.(Stortz and Marangoni 2011) Gel Filling: Hydrocolloids: Hydrocolloids are a heterogeneous group of long chain polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) which are characterised by their property of forming viscous dispersions and/or gels when dispersed in water. Presence of large number of hydroxyl (-OH) groups increases their affinity for binding water molecules which results in hydrophilic compounds. Further, a dispersion is produced which is intermediate between a true solution and a suspension, and the properties exhibited are that of a colloid. Considering these two properties, they are aptly termed as hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids. The important reason behind the ample use of hydrocolloids in foods is their ability to modify the rheology of food system. This includes the two basic properties of food system namely, flow behaviour (viscosity) and mechanical solid property (texture). The modification of texture and/or viscosity of food system modify its sensory properties, and thus, hydrocolloids are used as important food additives to perform specific purposes. Hydrocolloids have a wide range of function. These include thickening, gelling, emulsifying, stabilisation, and controlling the crystal growth of ice and sugar through the basic properties for which hydrocolloids find extensive use as thickening and gelling. Hydrocolloids disperse in water to give a thickening or viscosity producing effect. This water thickening property is general for all hydrocolloids and is the primary reason for their overall use. Gel formation is the phenomenon that involves the association or cross linking of the polymer chains to form a three dimensional network that traps or immobilises the water within to form a rigid structure that is resistant to flow. In other words, it becomes visco-elastic showing both the characteristics of a liquid and a solid. The textural properties (e.g. elastic or brittle, long or spreadable, chewy or creamy) of a gel vary widely with the type of hydrocolloid used. The other sensory properties such as opacity, mouth feel and taste also depend on the hydrocolloid employed. (Saha and Bhattacharya 2010) Gels: Gels may be defined as a form of matter intermediate between solid and liquid and show mechanical rigidity. They consist of polymer molecules cross linked to form tangled and interconnected molecular network immersed in a liquid medium, which in food system is water. Food technologists use the word ‘gel’ for high moisture foods that are more or less retain their shape when released from their container. A gel is a visco elastic system with a storage modulus (G) larger than the loss modulus G†. Hydrocolloids form gels by physical association of their polymer chains through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association and cat ion mediated cross-linking and differ from synthetic polymer gels, which normally consisted of covalently cross-linked polymer chains. Hence hydrocolloid gels are often referred as â€Å"physical gel† The knowledge of the conditions required for gelling of particular hydrocolloid dispersion, the characteristics of the gel produced and the texture it confers are very important aspects to design a specific food formulation. The formation of gel involves the association of randomly dispersed polymer segments in dispersion in such a way so as to form a three-dimensional network that contains solvent in the interstices. The associated regions known as junction zones are formed by two or more polymer chains. The gelation process is mainly the formation of these junction zones. Hydrocolloid gelation can engage the hierarchy of structures, the most common of which is the aggregations of primary inter chain linkages into â€Å"junction zones†, which forms the basis for the three-dimensional network characteristics of a gel. The physical arrangement of these junction zones within the network can be affected by various parameters like temperature, presence of ions and inherent structure of hydrocolloid. For the gelation of hydrocolloids, the three main mechanisms proposed are ionotropic gelation, cold-set gelation and heat-set gelation. Ionotropic gelation occurs via cross-linking of hydrocolloid chain with ions, typically a cation mediated gelation process of negatively charged polysaccharides. Ionotropic gelation is carried out either by diffusion setting or internal gelation. In cold set gelation, hydrocolloid powders are dissolved in warm/boiling water to form a dispersion which on cooling results in enthalpically-stabilised inter-chain helix to form segments of individual chains leading to a three-dimensional network. Gelatine gel is formed by this mechanism. Gelatin: Gelatin is substantially pure protein food ingredient, obtained by the thermal denaturation of collagen, which are the structural mainstay and most common protein in the animal kingdom. Today gelatine is usually available in granular powder form. Ref: website Gelatin forms a thermo-reversible gels with water, and the gel melting temperature ( Various factors affect the gel formation by hydrocolloids which include concentration of the gelling agent, pH of the medium, molar mass/ degree of polymerisation, temperature, ionic composition and solvent quality. Rheological characteristics of gel involves characterizing a gel n the basis of various parameters like modulus of elasticity, yield stress, shear modulus, storage and loss modulus, complex viscosity , gel strength and compliance. These parameters are usually determined by conducting tests like compression test, dynamic oscillatory rheometry, creep and texture profile analysis, etc by employing instruments like universal texture measuring system, controlled shear rheometer. Addition of sucrose results in an increase of true rupture stress in all these gals. The gel sweetness is related with mechanical properties of gel like gel strength, rupture stress, rupture strain and particularly with the amount of deformation required to break the network and its resistance to deformation. Besides co-solutes like sucrose, concentration of hydrocolloid, shear rate and temperature are also important variables that influence the rheological status of hydrocolloid gels. The blending of different polysaccharides offers an alternative route to the development of new textures. The major interest lies in the development of synergistic mixtures with improved or induced gelation.(Saha and Bhattacharya 2010) References: . Afoakwa, E. (2010). chocolate science technology. Geoff Talbot, H. S. (2008). Cocoa butter equivalents and improvers Their use in chocolate and chocolate-coated confectionery. Focus on Chocolate vol 19 n 3(May/June 2008): 28,29. Saha, D. and S. Bhattacharya (2010). Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore 47(6): 587-597. SLETTENGREN, K. S. (2010). Crack formation in chocolate pralines. Stortz, T. A. and A. G. Marangoni (2011). Heat resistant chocolate. Trends in Food Science Technology 22(5): 201-214.

Positivism Interpretivism And Pragmatism Psychology Essay

Positivism Interpretivism And Pragmatism Psychology Essay Hussey Hussey say that methodology makes reference to the whole approach considered, as well as to the theoretical basis from which the researcher comes, and that method is the various ways by which data is collected and analysed. In this chapter, the reseacher has presented a brief review of the different research philosophies; positivism, interpretivism, and realism (Fisher, 2007), the philosophy that has adopted for the current research, the different research approaches; qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method and the approach adopted for the research. The other parts consist of the different types of research design; exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and the research design adopted, the qualitative and quantitative phases consisting of sampling, data collection and data analysis, questionnaire design, validity and reliability, data analysis. The last part consists of the ethical issues and a conclusion. 3.2 Research philosophy As mentioned in the introduction, there are three main types of research philosophies, namely, positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism (realism). 3.2.1 Positivism The term positivism was found by Comte in the nineteenth century and he related it to the force of science and of systematic thinking to understand and control the world (Fisher, 2007). The aim of positivism is to produce general rules to forecast behavior with a minimum margin of uncertainty. However, there are problems with this philosophy, one of which is that it can only predict average behavior of individuals in a group and not the behavior of each individual (Fisher, 2007). Nonetheless, research based on a positivist philosophy tends to be based on deductive theorising, where a number of propositions are generated for testing, with empirical verification then sought (Babbie, 2005). Considerable data are often required as a positivist study would favour the use of quantitative methods to analyse large-scale phenomena (Travers, 2001). Inherent in this overall approach to research is the view that it is possible to measure social behaviour independent of context and that social ph enomena are things that can be viewed objectively (Hughes Sharrock, 1997). Interpretivism This philosophy is on the other extreme of that of positivism. Researchers who adopt this philosophy consider reality as socially constructed, that is, their meaning of reality is affected by their values and their way to see the world; other peoples meaning; the compromises and agreements that come out of the negotiations between the first two (Fisher, 2007). Interpretive research has been classified as gnostic because it does not agree to the fact that there is the existence of a systematic analysis of any particular subject; instead, it gives importance to multiplicity, relativity and complexity (Fisher, 2007). It is an attempt to understand the processes by which we gain knowledge and so it has affinity with the original gnostic search for ones true self. A characteristic of interpretive research is that one cannot understand how others may make sense of things unless one has a deep knowledge of ones personal values and thinking processes, which in research terms the knowledge is known as reflexivity (Fisher, 2007). Realism Realist research is an approach that resembles to a large extent that of positivism but takes into consideration, and comes to terms with, the subjective nature of research and the paramount function of values in it (Fisher, 2007). Realism still aims to be scientific but makes fewer claims to knowledge that perfectly mirrors the objects of study. Researchers with this stance recognise that things such as strategy and job satisfaction cannot be measured and studied in the same way as can chemical and physical processes. However, they do believe that a worthwhile attempt can be made to fix these subjects and treat them as if they are independent variables. 3.2.2 Research philosophy adopted The correct choice and understanding of philosophical orientation is of extreme importance to allow the selection of the most convenient methodology to facilitate the gathering of the relevant data (Remenyi et al, 1998; Blaxter et al, 2004), especially as poor understanding of philosophical issues can seriously lower the quality of the research (Easterby-Smith, 2006). Having studied the different philosophical approaches and considered the nature of the current research, the researcher has decided an overall view of a students attitude and perception was necessary so as to get a better understanding of students views. This type of research required the participation of a large population sample, which in turn created large amounts of numerical and statistical data and information, which needed to be quantifiably analysed. When all these factors were taken into account, realism was the most appropriate philosophical approach to answer the research questions and meet the objectives of the current research. 3.3 Research approach 3.3.1 Quantitative approach Quantitative methods are most often associated with the positivist epistemology, and they consist of counting and measurement of events and statistical analysis of a body of numerical data (Mc Laren, 2012). An important feature of the quantitative method is the collection of numerical data (Jack Clarke, 1998) which can ultimately be subjected to statistical procedures (Carter 2000a). 3.3.2 Qualitative approach Qualitative research consists of the study of events in their natural settings, with a view to making sense of, or interpreting, events of how people interpret (Mc Laren, 2012). Normally, in the empirical type of approach the responsibility is on researchers to direct and control methods to attain objectivity, thus making sure that their findings are valid as their intentions and emotions would not be seen as a barrier with data collection and analysis (Mc Laren, 2012). Mixed method approach Mixed methods embrace a method and philosophy that combines the insights provided by qualitative and quantitative methods into a workable solution. Mixed methods research makes full use of the positive parts of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies by combining approaches in a single research study to enhance the scope of understanding (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, and Turner 2007). 3.3.2 Research approach adopted As mentioned by Bryman (2007), a combination of qualitative and quantitative results would lead to a better understanding of the data and help in a better way to answer to the research objectives. As the education sector research field keeps on changing, so too does its methods and therefore the researcher has used the mixed method approach for the current research. 3.4 Research design 3.4.1 There are three main types of research design, namely, exploratory, descriptive and causal. Exploratory design This design places a lot of emphasis on gaining ideas and insights. An exploratory study intends to explore what is happening; to seek new insights; to ask questions and to assess the phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). It is important mainly when there is very little information known about the phenomenon. In a type of mixed-method design, the qualitative data are gathered first and a quantitative phase follows. The purpose of this kind of study is typically to use the initial, qualitative phase with a few individuals to identify themes, ideas, perspectives, and beliefs that can then be used to design the larger-scale, quantitative part of the study. Often, this kind of design is used to develop a survey. By using a qualitative component in the beginning, researchers are able to use the language and emphasis on different topics of the subjects in the wording of items for the survey. Doing so increases the validity of the scores that result because they will be well matched with how the subjects, rather than the researchers, think about, conceptualize, and respond to the phenomenon being studied. Explanatory design Explanatory study aims to find out the causal relationships between variables (Saunders et al., 2007). In an explanatory design, which may be the most common type, quantitative data are collected first and, depending on the results, qualitative data are gathered second to elucidate, elaborate on, or explain the quantitative findings. Typically, the main thrust of the study is quantitative, and the qualitative results are secondary. For example, this kind of design could be used to study classroom assessment and grading. A large sample of teachers could be surveyed to determine the extent to which they use different factors in classroom assessment and grading; this would provide a general overview of the teachers practices. In a second phase, teachers could be selected who represent extremely high or low scores on the factors in the survey. These teachers could then be interviewed using a qualitative method to determine why they used certain practices. Thus, the qualitative phase woul d be used to augment the statistical data and thus explain the practices. Descriptive design Descriptive study seeks to provide a clear picture about the phenomenon as it already occurs (Hedrick et al., 1993). Research using a descriptive design simply provides a summary of an existing phenomenon by using numbers to characterize individuals or a group where it assesses the nature of existing conditions (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). The purpose of most descriptive research is limited to characterizing something as it is. 3.4.2 Research design adopted Since a mixed method approach has been used for this research, a mixture of both exploratory and explanatory designs was used. 3.5 Qualitative phase Data to answer some questions was collected by using a qualitative approach. This allowed the researcher to get the opinion of Lower VI students about what they thought of private tuitions at S.C level (Appendix 2). 3.5.1 Sampling For this part of the study, a reasonable and useful sample of four schools was chosen as mentioned by Mcmillan and Schumacher (1997) who made the argument that a good sample was one where the participants were readily accessible. The four schools were chosen with one in each educational zone, where 10 students were selected to ensure adequate information (Marshall, 1998). Due to the fact that I have used focus groups to collect data, 10 students were a reasonable sample per school. 3.5.2 Data collection Focus groups For the qualitative part of the study, data was collected from Lower VI students of the four selected schools by focus group interviews. The focus groups for the students had been chosen since they took less time and more information was collected from different participants at the same time (Daymon Holloway, 2002). Another advantage of focus groups was that the information obtained from the participants was of good quality since the individuals in the group got ideas from others (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). The interview of each focus group was at least one hour and thirty minutes. A tape recorder was used to collect data which was later transcribed. 3.5.3 Data analysis The data which had been recorded in a tape was transcribed and analysed. 3.6 Quantitative phase The information collected from the qualitative interviews in Phase 1 was used in the development of a comprehensive and valid questionnaire for quantifying the views of students on private tuitions. The items derived from the qualitative interview transcripts was administered to a large sample of students, including boys and girls and factor analyzed to uncover the internal structure of the views of the students on private tuitions. 3.6.1 Sampling In this study, a mixture of purposeful and convenient sampling was used (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). In order to determine the sample size, confidence interval approach was used which is based on the building up of confidence intervals around the sample means by making use of the standard error formula (Malhotra Dash, 2007). By making use of the formula for determining the sample size for a population of 13902 students having taken part at the S.C examinations 2012, the researcher got a value of 384. As a result, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to students of Lower VI, both from State and P.S.S.A colleges in all regions of Mauritius. The questionnaires were distributed equally among boys and girls to avoid bias in the collection of data. 3.6.2 Data collection A letter was sent to each school to explain the purpose of the study and for permission to distribute the questionnaires to Lower VI students (Appendix 1). The questionnaire was handed personally to the selected students, the aims of the survey were explained and the filled questionnaires were collected after 2 days. 3.6.3 Questionnaire design Most of the time, questionnaires contain two types of questions open ended or closed (Sinnott, 2008). With open-ended questions the researcher gives the opportunity to the respondent as to how they write their answer making way to a more in-depth answer. However they are more difficult to classify into groups to facilitate analysis. A closed question will restrain the answer that may be given and usually asks the respondent to choose among a variety of possibilities given by the researcher. However, closed questions help the respondent to complete the questionnaire quickly and they also help the researcher to classify the information and analyse the data with great ease (Sekaran, 1992; McNeil et al, 2005). For this research, a survey questionnaire was designed for the collection of data which contains multiple options of Likert scaling from 0 to 4 for the variety of choice for the respondent (Appendix 3). The questionnaire consisted of six sections, with section A consisting of two questions on general information about private tuitions (number of hours students took private tuitions per week, number of subjects in which the students took private tuitions), section B consisting of nineteen questions on positive impacts of private tuitions at S.C level from the students point of view, section C consisting of ten questions on the negative impacts of private tuitions at S.C level from the students point of view, section D consisting of nine questions on the extent to which private tuitions at S.C level are replacing mainstream schooling from students point of view,section E consisting of two questions with respect to improvement of academic performance from the students point of view and the last section consisting of six questions concerning the demographic profile of the student. 3.6.4 Data analysis The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The answer for each question provided by the student was fed into SPSS version 20. The gender of students, type of school, the region in which the student lives, the attempt at S.C examination 2012, the socioeconomic status of the student, the number of hours during which the student took private tuitions per week, the highest educational attainment of the students parents were analysed by making use of pie charts and bar charts. For the sections B, C and D, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done in order to group the answers obtained for the different questions into some main factors, with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test being performed to verify whether EFA could be done. The different factors were found out by making use of the eigenvalue in SPSS version 20 which was set at a value of greater than 1. The factor loading of each variable forming part of each factor was also calculated by making use of the rotated matrix table in SPSS version 20. Some questions which were in the different sections had to be deleted due to cross loading, low loading factor, or theoritically the grouping of the question with others did not make sense. Secondly, hypotheses and sub-hypotheses were made for each research objective and each sub hypothesis was subjected to chi square testing where a crosstab was generated and the value of à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 and the p value were analysed, together with the phi value to see the degree of association, if ever. Objective 1: To find out the positive impacts of private tuitions on the overall development of the student at S.C level. H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level. In order to test for the above hypothesis, the following sub-hypotheses were tested for the different factors found by EFA. Sub-hypotheses Factor 1: Economic/career benefits H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and economic/career benefits for the student in the future. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and economic/career benefits for the student in the future. Factor 2: Better academic performance and more efforts H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better academic performance/more efforts. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better academic performance/more efforts. Factor 3: Increased level of socialisation with friends Ho: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and increased level of socialisation of the student. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and increased level of socialisation of the student. Factor 4: Better quality of teaching in private tuitions H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better quality of teaching. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better quality of teaching. Objective 2: To find out the negative impacts of private tuitions on the overall development of the student at S.C level. H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level. In order to test for the above hypothesis, the following sub-hypotheses were tested. Sub-hypotheses Factor 1: Negative psychological affecting students concerning private tuitions H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and the negative psychological factors affecting the student concerning private tuitions. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and the negative psychological factors affecting the student concerning private tuitions. Factor 2: Deterioration of health of the student who takes private tuitions H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and deterioration of the health of the student. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and deterioration of the health of the student. Factor 3: Lack of family and leisure time faced by student who takes private tuitions H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and lack of family and leisure time by the student. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and lack of family and leisure time by the student. Objective 3: To find out to what extent private tuitions are replacing mainstream schooling. Factor 1: Higher level of importance of private tuitions as compared to mainstream schooling H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and their level of importance from the students point of view H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and their level of importance from the students point of view Factor 2: More care and attention from private tutors than teachers at school H0: There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and students getting more care and attention from private tutors. H1: There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and students getting more care and attention from private tutors Finally, a multi regression analysis was carried out to investigate the whether there was a linear relationship between academic performance at S.C level, measured by the grade point average (G.P.A), and socioeconomic status of parents, intensity of private tuitions per week, region in which the student lived, and highest educational attainment of parents. The grade point average is calculated by dividing the aggregate that the student obtained at S.C examinations 2012 by six since the aggregate is calculated for the 6 best grades. The grade point average has a range of 1.00 to 9.00. The lower the grade point average, the better is the academic performance of the student. 3.6.5 Validity and reliability In this research, a mixed method approach was adopted which was an efficient way to collect data for specific variables of interest (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The survey questionnaire was developed to get data from students of Lower VI. Contact addresses and numbers were given in covering letter if participants encountered any problem (Appendix 1). It was assured that data would be confidential that can reduce the subject bias. Since the questionnaire was designed in a survey format, it did not face any observer error or bias. Furthermore, items of the survey instrument reliability were measured by the internal consistency method (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). This study applied Cronbachs coefficient alpha to measure the internal reliability of survey, where a value of greater than 0.6 showed fair to very good reliability. Validity of the research was concerned with the extent of research findings which represented what was really happening (Collis and Hussey 2003). In order to avoid low validity, a pilot study was conducted before full scale data collection. Through the pilot study language or any other misconceptions was removed. The validity of each question into the main factors done by EFA was checked by the factor loading in the rotated component matrix, where a factor of greater than 0.5 showed that the question was valid. 3.7 Ethical issues Ethical issues are very important to take into consideration when carrying out a survey. According to Neuman (1995), the researcher must protect human rights, control them and make sure that peoples interests are well respected. In this research, all ethical requirements were followed throughout all parts of the research. Before collecting data, permission was sought to the relevant institutions. The survey questionnaire along with supervisors letter was provided during personal visits. The participants were asked to participate on a voluntary basis and given the opportunity to withdraw from participation if they felt to do so. Participants were informed that when they have answered and returned the questionnaire, it was assumed that they agreed to participate in this study. All participants were given the assurance that the answers provided will be kept anonimous and strictly confidential. 3.8 Conclusion The chapter starts with an examination of the research process including the philosophical approaches of positivism and phenomenology leading to a debate on the nature of the current research resulting in a mixed method being decided on. Data for this study was collected from students of Lower VI through a survey questionnaire after the qualitative phase which consisted of focus groups interviews. Upon completion of the study, the data was given a code which was fed on to the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows. Lastly, the ethical issues involved in this study were also presented.

Symbolism and Setting in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lo

Symbolism and Setting in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson ?The Lottery? by Shirley Jackson is a short story that without the symbolism of its characters, would amount to little more than an odd tale about a stoning. However, because of what each character represents and the way the setting helps to magnify those representations, it becomes a short story that is anything but short of meaning. The first character is probably the most obviously symbolic character of the story. Every word that leaves Old Man Warner?s Mouth reeks of tradition. He never stops criticizing new ideas about the lottery, the way it is run, or complaining about how things have changed for the worst, etc., etc. When Mr. Adams tells him that the residents of a neighboring village are considering doing away with the lottery, he says they are ?a pack of crazy fools.? After the Hutchinson family draws for the second time and he can hear people whisper about who they hope drew the spot, he is quick to point out ?It?s not the way it used to be, people aren?t the way they used to be.? He probably reminds most readers of an older person he or she once knew always saying, ?Well in my day we did things differently?..? and ? What is wrong with kids these days? Why when I was a kid if I did that.? He is clinging to tradition, even some that are no longer observed, and totally unwilling to let go of the ones that are still practiced, in spite of how ludicrous they might be. It has always been done that way before so why change things now? In ?the Lottery,? old Man Warner symbolizes everything that is wrong with tradition and really forces a person to consider some of the ridiculous things that we as members of society have done and or continue... ... a single character in the story who could not be a next-door neighbor, a teacher or a co-worker. The setting is so real that there can be no doubt in a first time readers mind the story is taking place right here in America land of the free where things like this just do not happen. This makes the shock at the end of the story that much greater. The reader is forced to deal with the fact, that all these evils, authority that is too powerful, terrible traditions, cowardice, and indifference are taking place right here right now in our own backyards. The setting makes the ending so powerful because the reader cannot remove the unpleasantness of the story by saying ?That stuff doesn?t happen here.? The combination of setting, symbolic characters and a surprisingly twisted ending make ?The Lottery? by Shirley Jackson a truly powerful and thought provoking story.

Motherhood, Otello And The Theatre Experience :: essays research papers fc

The theatre experience can be explained as a measurement of satisfaction that a person attains after attending a theatrical performance. A positive theatre experience should be a truly cathartic event that evokes excitement and delight in the audience. A negative theatre experience, on the other hand, will have little to no impact on the audience and will most likely cause its members to be bored. Two theatrical presentations that provide contradicting theatre experiences are Otello and Motherhood, Madness and the State of the Universe. Otello, which is conducted by Richard Bradshaw, directed by Robin Phillips, written by Giuseppe Verdi (after William Shakespeare's play Othello) and was performed by The Canadian Opera Company on November 3, 2000 at the Hummingbird Centre in Toronto, Ontario, is a century old opera that tells the story of how the Moor of Venice, who has risen from slavery to a position of great power as a general of the Venetian army, falls victim to jealousy. Mother hood, Madness and the State of the Universe, which is written and performed by Kim Renders and was performed on October 13, 2000 in Lower Massey Hall at the University of Guelph, is a contemporary one-woman show which tells a satirical tale of marriage and parenthood via stories about Renders own children intertwined with historic accounts of her mother’s childhood. Three elements that influence how enjoyable a performance will be to an audience member are scenery, costumes and use of music. When compared on these bases, it is conclusive that Motherhood, Madness and the State of the Universe provides a theatre experience which is superior that of Otello. Scenery, by definition, is â€Å"the physical constructions that provide the specific acting environment for a play and that often indicate, by representation, the locale where a scene is set; the physical setting for a scene.† (Cohen, Theatre G-11). Modern scenery is either realistic as in Otello, or metamorphic as in Motherhood. Realistic scenery attempts to illustrate the details of a specific time and place in the real world, while metamorphic scenery favors visual images that insinuate the production’s intended mood and theme. The scenery in Otello depicts the inside of an elaborate castle with winding staircases (see figure 1, appendix A for the simplistic illustration). Desdemona’s bed, the tables, the goblets, etc. are all set pieces used on stage after having been extracted from rooms that would actually exist in a house.

Rebellion of 1837

Dannicah S. Blk 2. 3 anarchy of 1837 After learning ab show up the rising of 1837 and constantly taking notes, I established the ascent was not successful in overturning the judicature provided it did unite two pep pill and scorn Canada together. This was able to wages away any differences of the two cultures, slope and French. The blow did not happen nowadays as int wipeouted though. In event it god the giving medication to get back at the reformers and concentrate more(prenominal) on their penalisation such as transportation, hanging, flogging and deaths for the rebels, rather of working on fixing the colony.You lot tell that Canada had a serious political problem that was in desperate neediness to be improved. When the Chateau Clique and the reformers squared bump off against each other, the British did nothing to assuagement tension. They appointed James Craig, an anti-French as regulator just to arrest those who criticized the government and brought soldi ers to appal the French . The French Canadians disapproved of the British democracy and represent it very(prenominal) difficult to accept. There were many reasons why many French Canadians resented the government.Three authorised ones were because of how discriminative economic aloney and politically the government was of their language and culture, how they were given unequal taxation, and for their inadequacy in power over the government. Although, this all happened in demean Canada. The rebellion in Upper Canada was to bring an American ardour democracy because they, as puff up as the people in Lower Canada, believed that their government were discriminative against the French. The reason why I believe the rebellion in some(prenominal) Lower and Upper Canada was unsuccessful because they did not have any reasonable impact on any British colonies presently.To write down with, the anarchy in Upper Canada fai take miserably because of their lack of military experience. M any rebellions were killed during c ontend and several were arrested. Some even fled to America, they were no match for the British. This rebellion would have been more successful if the Catholic Church participated but church draws advised parishioners to pose loyal to the British. The rebellion in Lower Canada ended quickly. The rebellion in Upper Canada also did not turn out so good as well since the British military overpowered them.Even though Mackenzie, leader of the Upper Canada rebellion, took time to train his rebels and plan, the full-length event all just led to deaths and arrest of many patriots. Mackenzie also get away to America where he gained supporters there. In the end the British government continued to harness of Canada where they focused on discussing major penalty for the rebels. In my opinion, the leaders who led the rebellion of both Upper and Lower Canada were very similar. They could motivate emotions with words but they had no idea how to organize th eir supporters into affective forces.Even tually, Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ways of administrating the colonies would have to change. John Lambton, the Earl of Durham, a reformer politician, realized the whole cause of the rebellion was the conflict between the incline and French. He then proposed that Upper and Lower Canada should be unite. In conclusion, the whole Rebellion was not successful as intend since the impact did not happen immediately but when Lower and Upper Canada was united it developed a new country. However, both leaders of the Rebellion returned to Canada eventually and were considered heroes by some and other as troublemakers. '

Social Tension of the 1920s and Nativists

Christopher Nieves The social tension of the 1920s was to a large extent due to backlash from Nativists and the KKK towards immigrants. With the immigrant surge threatening jobs and tainting the white Anglo-Saxon society, the idea of nativism began to proliferate through the minds of native born Americans. Social conflicts often came to violent ends by the hands of members of the â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†, they too had a nativist mindset however they focused primarily on African Americans but harbored hatred towards anyone who is not of Anglo-Saxon descent.These two movements made for a dangerous society, and made matters even more difficult for penniless immigrants trying to survive. Starting up around 1890 but plateauing in the 1920s nativists and labor unions fought for immigration restriction. In 1921, an emergency immigration act was passed which established a quota system that decimated the amount of immigrants granted access to the States. America had never before seen such a surge of immigrants before, over 25million people over the course of thirty years, and this was the first time that Italians, Poles, Jews and Slavs had come to America in mass.Nativists worked to do anything they could to belay immigrant progress in society, and with the economic prosperity of the twenties they realigned their beliefs behind religious and racial nativism. Following the First World War, nativists throughout the twenties focused their attention of Catholics, Jews, and southeastern Europeans. These people were different than the immigrants that had come before in that they had much more difficulty assimilating with the language barrier and even in appearance. Difficulty communicating made getting a job and education much more difficult and for Hasidic Jews stood out with their distinct religious garb.When the migrants from England and Ireland and the like came over they could communicate much easier with Americans which significantly helped them out. Well over half of the American population before the immigrant surge could trace their lineage to either the British Isles or to Germany, these people also tended to be fair-skinned and Protestant. The racial concern of the anti-immigration movement was closely linked the eugenics movement that was gaining popularity in the twenties. Nativists grew more concerned with the racial purity of the United States, uch groups as the Ku Klux Klan were able to flourish as a result of this movement. The rebirth of the KKK or the second Klan was strongly due to the anti-immigrant attitude of America in the twenties, as it had basically died out after the civil war. They also tended to view the darker-skinned, Catholic or Jewish new immigrants as â€Å"inferior† and lacking the Anglo-Saxon temperament required to maintain a free society. Furthermore these â€Å"threats to society† lacked work ethic, self-discipline and could not be trusted not to throw their votes away to machine politics which wer e largely successful during this time period.The film The Birth of a Nation was released in 1915 glorified the KKK, and although its director didn’t intend to, the film helped gain the Klan popularity. At first the Klan like it always had focused on intimidating blacks, however focus turned towards Catholics, Jews and foreigners. The Klan devoted itself to purging American life basically of anyone not a white Anglo-Saxon, proving their devotion by lynching impure, foreign people and burning crosses.To say this hate was group engaged in â€Å"social conflicts† is an understatement. The economic prosperity of the â€Å"roaring twenties† overshadowed its escalating social tension. Although America was colonized by immigrants, the â€Å"nativist† movement worked to throttle immigration and ostracize migrants viewing them as impure and inferior. The hypocrisy of the entire movement is incredible. Extremist groups like the KKK took racism to a new level resorti ng to medieval tactics like lynching and cross burning.

Passing: Black People and Hold Clare Essay

The novel â€Å"Passing† was written in 1929 and become one of the most famous novels of Nella Larsen. Like other novels which were also written about â€Å"passing†, â€Å"Passing† of Nella Larsen reflects the tough life of African-American in the 19th century, when they were struggling with racism to have the equal rights. Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield in â€Å"Passing† both were born Negroes but with light skin so that they could be â€Å"passing†. However, these two women have different choices in their life, which lead to the tragedy when they meet each other after twelve years. The novel ends with Clare’s death without revealing to the readers who kills her, which encourages the readers to think of the uncertain end of â€Å"Passing† by logically interpreting evidence throughout of the novel. By that way, Nella Larsen might want her readers to be open-minded to understand how people become the victim of inequality and social restriction in term of race and gender. Ending her novel in uncertainty, Nella Larsen makes her readers curious about who is responsible for Clare’s death. The two possible things might happen are whether Clare commits suicide or Irene pushes her out of the window. Clare has her reasons to commit suicide since her husband finds out that she was born a Negro. For him, all Negroes are â€Å"black scrimy devils† and â€Å"always robbing and killing people† (70). These prejudices exist not only in Jack’s mind but also among many white people. These cruel prejudices and discrimination had threatened Clare’s marriage for a long time before her death. Clare might be always ready for the day that the truth about her race would take everything from her. When Irene asked her whether she thought of how she could do if her husband finds out about her race, she just said yes with a smile. And at the moment Clare stands near the window, â€Å"she seemed unaware of danger or uncaring. There was even a faint smile on her full, red lips, and in her shining eyes† (209). When Clare takes a risk by joining the Negroes community, she might prepare for that day, for her death. However, there are also evidences for the possibility that Irene kills Clare. First, she has the motivation. In Irene’s mind, Clare is one who â€Å"not only that she wanted to have her cake and eat it too, but that she wanted to nibble at the cakes of other folk as well† (88). Before seeing Clare, Irene’s life keeps going on under her control: a family with a doctor husband and two kids, living in Negroes community†¦ But Clare comes and raises the fear inside Irene that Clare and Brian, Irene’s husband, might have an affair. Although Irene doesn’t have any clear proofs for what she suspect, but she can feel it through the changing in attitude of Brian: â€Å"For a minute, Irene hesitated, then turned her head, though she knew what it was the held Hugh’s gaze. Clare, who had suddenly clouded all her days. Brian, the father of Ted and Junior†¦then she saw him smile, and the smile made his face all eager, and shining. †(169-170). Secondly, the readers can realize how the presence of Clare makes Irene suffers: â€Å"It hurt. It hurt like hell†¦She was very tired of Clare Kendry. She wanted to be free of her. †(174-179). The readers also has reason to suspect Irene since she already think of how to get rid of Clare before Clare’s death: â€Å"If Clare should die†¦To think, yes, to wish that†¦the thought stayed with her. She could not get rid of it†(187). In the party, before Clare falls out from the window, Irene is the one who open it despite of the cold outside. The image of Irene â€Å"watching the tiny spark drop slowly to the white ground† makes the readers relates to the falling down of Clare after that (207). At the moment that Clare stands at the window, Irene â€Å"laid a hand on Clare’s bare arm. One thought possessed her. She couldn’t have Clare Kendry cast aside by Bellew. She couldn’t have her free†(209). And watching Clare falls out from the window, â€Å"Irene wasn’t sorry. She was amazed†(210). Irene’s thought and attitude towards Clare at the moment she falls out from the window proved that Irene, whether responsible for Clare’s death or not, wants Clare to die. Therefore, the readers can suspect that Irene is the one who push Clare out of the window, leading to Clare’s death. Despite of many clues support for the possibility that Irene kills Clare, the author doesn’t want an obvious end for her novel. She keeps questioning her readers about how much they could trust what they see. Throughout the novel, Nella Larsen expresses her attitude in ridicule of white people’s blindness when they discriminate black people without knowing who they really are. Jack, a racist, marries a Negro woman because he believes in what he sees. Many people witness Clare’s death but nobody could be sure about what they saw. They even suspect Jack since he is the only white people there. By ending the novel in uncertainty, Nella Larsen questions her readers about how they interpret and understand who or what pushes people to death. If there is no racism, Clare would not commit suicide, and Jack wouldn’t be suspected just because he is white. Therefore, the most suspicious person would be Irene. If Irene doesn’t have any pressure about keeping her life as it must be according to social norms, she wouldn’t have motivation to kill Clare since she doesn’t love Brian: â€Å"She couldn’t now be sure that she had ever truly known love. Not even for Brian†¦ she still intended to hold fast to the outer shell of her marriage, to keep her life fixed, certain† (201). The image of Irene put her hand on Clare’s bare arms before Clare falling out of the window symbolize for the struggling inside Irene. Irene plays the role of one who could help Clare come back to her community, but she also puts Clare in risk by not telling Clare about Jack seeing Irene with a black woman. Before Clare died, Irene must be the one hold Clare back, but she is also suspicious for killing Irene. The truth isn’t always revealed in what we see, but also in how we interpret what we know about it, which depends much on our attitude toward it. Nella Larsen let her readers have their own way to think of this uncertain end in order to question their beliefs and their values. This uncertain end of â€Å"Passing† also like the uncertainty of people’s life under various pressures comes from social restriction such as race and gender. Clare’s death symbolize for people as the victim of inequality and social restriction.

Ribena Marketing Essay

Ribena Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Product 3. Promotion 4. Price 5. Place 6. Bibliography Introduction Ribena was first made in 1936 when HW Carter, a Bristol based food and drink manufacturer, started making pure fruit syrups to use in making milkshakes. This was when it was discovered that the blackcurrant syrup contained very high levels of vitamin C. People saw how valuable it would be as a nutritional drink and it went on sale in hospitals and nursing homes. The name Ribena was not used during this period but after the War, Ribena went on sale all across the UK and Ireland.The word Ribena was based on the Latin name for blackcurrant â€Å"Ribes Negrum†. The name is very important to the product, it needs to be easy to remember, easy to spell and easy to say especially if the target audience is children. Ribena also has the added advantage that the name has an international ring to it. Ribena has established a strong brand name over the years and it has maintained its position in the market. In recent years Ribena have introduced new flavours to the market such as Strawberry, Raspberry, Apple, Orange, Raspberry and Pomegranate. Product A product is defined as anything that can be offered to satisfy a need or want.To help its product sell in greater quantities, a business must give consideration to the packaging and brand name it uses. Ribena is available in lots of different flavours these include Blackcurrant, Strawberry, Orange, Raspberry, Raspberry and Pomegranate. The blackcurrant flavour is available in original and really light (low calorie). Ribena’s target market is every child and every parent. Ribena is a brand that children love and that mothers prefer to buy for their family because it is rich in Vitamin C and has a unique blackcurrant taste. Mothers are satisfied that they are giving their children a nutritional drink; full of vitamin C.Mothers will be more likely to give their children Ribena to bring to school with them as a drink for their lunch rather than a bottle of coke because of the nutritional value in Ribena. Ribena’s iconic slogan uses their nutritional value to attract customers â€Å"The blackcurrants in Ribena contain four times the Vitamin C of oranges†. Another key aspect of the product is the packaging. The packaging needs to attractive and bright in colour in order to attract the child’s attention. It must attract the consumers’ attention enough to make them want to buy Ribena ahead of all the other brands like Robinson’s, Mi Wadi, Kia Ora†¦Ribena is packaged in glass bottles, plastic bottles and cartons. The glass bottles only come in 600ml, 1 litre and 2 litres. The plastic bottles range in size from 330ml, 500ml, 1litre and 2 litres. The single carton comes in 288ml. The cartons also come in a multi pack; 4 cartons of 200ml and 10 cartons of 200ml. In 2000 Ribena launched â€Å"Ribena Pouch Pack†. It was developed for older childre n who want the great taste of Ribena but in a more grown up and trendy pack. The Ribena Pouch is still very strongly linked to Ribena’s key messages which are that Ribena is full of vitamin C, very nutritional and it has a unique blackcurrant taste.The target market for the Ribena pouch is the children themselves especially older children who are buying their own drinks. It is very up to date with an emphasis on a key point about Ribena that it is purple. The packaging for the Ribena pouch pack is portable, light to carry and re-sealable so can be used again. The colour distinguishes it from its competitors like Robinson’s, Mi Wadi and Kia Ora. Since its launch in March 2000, sales have been very good, with more and more consumers buying into this new trendy packaging. PromotionPromotion involves communicating with customers to let them know about the product and to persuade them to buy it. The four main ways to promote a product are advertising, sales promotions, publ ic relations and personal selling. Ribena put a lot of money into their advertising campaign each year. One of the main reasons Ribena has been so successful throughout the years is due to their strong advertising campaign especially their television adverts. The advertisements change with the years but Ribena’s main message remains the same. Ribena’s core values are based around its vitamin C goodness and its unique blackcurrant taste.The TV advertisements feature the Ribenaberry cartoon characters. They have evolved with the brand over the years. The Ribenaberry cartoon characters are very popular and are an excellent advertising tool. The target market for Ribena is children and most children watch cartoons so they would be able to relate to the ads compared to the Capri sun ad which isn’t as child friendly as the Ribena one. The cartoon characters covey the essence of the drink and the fact that it is made from blackcurrants. They also add an element of fun to the ads which appeals to children. This encourages hildren to buy it and obviously mothers would be more inclined to buy Ribena for their children compared to fizzy drinks because of the nutritional value. Ribena also use a lot of purple in their adverts. Ribena emphasises that it is a very nutritional drink suitable for children and they incorporate this into their advertising, sales promotions, public relations and personal selling. Ribena also use their website to promote competitions, discounts, new products that they are launching etc†¦ In May 2009 Ribena launched a range of sales promotions initiatives as part of their summer campaign. t was basically a loyalty scheme that allowed consumers to collect on-pack tokens and redeem them for prizes that included kites, juggling balls, cricket sets and skittles. In Ribena’s 2009 summer campaign they also gave away 1 million free inflatable â€Å"office assistants† as part of their summer on-pack promotion in ord er to win one of office assistants consumers had to purchase a bottle or carton of Ribena’s and text in an on-pack code. Consumers could also choose between a male or female inflatable. The promotion took place from May 1st and ran for 12 weeks. It was part of a ? 6 million campaign for the brand.In May 2011 Ribena launched their summer advertising and promotion campaign. Their aim was to target more than a million consumers in order to promote the brand and increase sales. The campaign centred around a mobile â€Å"Berry Wagon†. It toured around the UK stopping in in picnic areas giving out free samples. The Ribena tour targeted young adults to mums and families. Ribena also gave away 300 free passes to family friendly festivals around the UK. The promotion also drove consumers to the Ribena website, further promoting engagement with the brand. Inflatable office assistant Ribenaberry cartoon character The Ribena â€Å"Berry Wagon†Price The price is the amount o f money the business charges consumers for its product. It is important that the business charges the right price for its product. If it is too high, consumers will not buy it. If it is too low, the business might make a loss and consumers might think it is inferior. The price of Ribena is quite reasonable considering the nutritional value. . It appeals to parents who believe that the higher price is worth paying because they believe Ribena is better for their children than fizzy drinks such as Coca-Cola, Club Orange. In this way, Ribena makes higher profits from the higher price.The Ribena prices range from â‚ ¬1. 23 to â‚ ¬3. 94. Here is a list of the prices in Euro â‚ ¬: Ribena ready to drink carton 288mlâ‚ ¬1. 45 Ribena ready to drink 500mlâ‚ ¬1. 59 Ribena Pouch Pack 288mlâ‚ ¬1. 45 Ribena Blackcurrant 1litreâ‚ ¬2. 89 Ribena Blackcurrant 2 litreâ‚ ¬3. 94 Ribena Strawberry 1litreâ‚ ¬2. 89 Ribena Ready to drink blackcurrant 10 X 200mlâ‚ ¬3. 49 Ribena R eady to drink strawberry 10 X 200ml â‚ ¬3. 49 Ribena Ready to drink blackcurrant 4 X 200mlâ‚ ¬1. 23 Ribena Ready to drink strawberry 4 X 200mlâ‚ ¬1. 23 The Ribena prices range from 99p to ? 2. 95 Here is a list of the prices in Pounds ? : Ribena ready to drink carton 288ml 99pRibena ready to drink 500ml 99p Ribena Pouch Pack 288ml 99p Ribena Blackcurrant 1litre? 2. 65 Ribena Blackcurrant 2 litre? 2. 95 Ribena Strawberry 1litre? 1. 89 Ribena Ready to drink blackcurrant 10 X 200ml? 2. 59 Ribena Ready to drink strawberry 10 X 200ml ? 2. 59 Ribena Ready to drink blackcurrant 4 X 200ml? 1. 40 Ribena Ready to drink strawberry 4 X 200ml? 1. 40 Place Place involves the business getting its product to consumers by using an appropriate channel of distribution. The product has to be available where and when people need and want it. In order to manufacture Ribena the fruits need to be harvested.Harvest starts in July and it lasts for about eight weeks. Weather conditions are very impor tant to ensuring a good crop. They need a frost –free spring, steady rain in May and June and a sunny harvesting season in July and august. The Scottish Crop Research Institute has been trying to develop new blackcurrant varieties that cope with difficult weather patterns for the past 15 years. They completed a three year trial of two new varieties which were harvested for the first time in 2007 and have been specially bred to withstand the effects of climate change. Blackcurrant harvesters do not cut the berries off the bush.The berries on blackcurrant bushes ripen all at the same time, which makes picking them easier. Speed is very important, blackcurrants are not long lasting and therefore most of them are pressed into juice within 24 hours which are made into concentrate. They are then taken to the Ribena plant at Coleford, Gloucestershire in the UK, where it is held in tanks beneath the factory and is bottled as needed throughout the year. Ribena is well distributed thro ughout England, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia. It is sold in supermarkets, newsagents and garage forecourts around the country.It is available everywhere children might look for it. If they are shopping with their parents in the supermarket, it is there. If their parents pull in to get petrol, Ribena is there also. Bibliography http://www. ribena. co. uk/summer-soundtrack/ http://www. facebook. com/#! /RibenaUK http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=mxf6OPoaXCA http://theodmgroup. com/2011/06/03/gift-with-purchase-promotion-ribena-drinks/ http://www. brandrepublic. com/news/899422/Ribena-launches-range-promotional-activity-2009/ http://www. promomarketing. info/ribena-offers-a-summer-of-festival-fun/P004419/